Tamna: Descendants of the Tamna kingdom that submitted to Unified Silla. Korean Kings maintained the Island by granting the Tamna King autonomy, allowing the ethnicity to survive.

Estimated population: 120,000

Jaegaseung: Buddhist Koreans who lived in the mountains of Northeast Korea that branched off as an identity during the Joseon dynasty due to the anti-Buddhist policies of the government. Minor Jurchen ancestry is suspected.

Estimated Population: 50,000

Udege: Wild Jurchens that migrated across the Tumen River during the reign of King Taejong. They avoided being absorbed into the Manchu ethnicity because they were viewed as inferior and savage by the Manchus.

Estimated Population: 35,000

Odori Jurchen: A branch of the Jinzhou Jurchen that followed the founding king of the Joseon Dynasty. They settled south of the Tumen River and became active participants in the Kingdom of Joseon. They were not viewed as Jurchens by Nurhaci, and did not get absorbed unlike other Jinzhou Jurchen branches.

Estimated Population: 11,000

Khitan: Descendants of the remnant Khitans that invaded Goryeo due to Mongol pressure during the early years of the Mongol Empire. They were defeated in battle, and were forced to settle in the central regions of Korea. The Korean Kings encouraged the Khitans to maintain their identity due to their ability on horseback, limiting marriages between Khitans and Koreans.

Estimated Population: 310,000

Hyanghwa: Chinese immigrants that settled in the coastal areas of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. Their culture is centered around life at the sea, and they were said to "use the ships as if they are riding a horse". They speak a Sinitic dialect that is not mutually intelligible with Mandarin, and they have formed a new identity separate from China.

Estimated Population: 1,100,000

Hui: During the reign of King Sejong, the Muslim inhabitants of Joseon were relocated to a specific region close to the Capital. Although many different ethnicities were present in this new "Hui City" or Hui Gol (회골), the Uyghurs ruled in the city as a noble class. Over time, the Arabs, Persians, other Muslim minorities, and even some Koreans were Turkified by the Uyghurs. The Korean Hui speak a Siberian Turkic language descended from Old Uyghur.

Estimated Population: 70,000